Analysis of Conflict in Oscar Wilde’s the Importance of Being Earnest

First Act, Part I

Conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires and wills. Conflict in this act of drama divided into two parts :

1. Inter conflict :

a. Person against person

Conflict between people is the conflict between the characters in this drama.

For example:

- “Jack. …you have no right whatsoever to read what is written inside. It is a very ungentlemanly thing to read a private cigarette case.”(Par 4 lines 2-4, page 7)

- “Algernon… It is perfectly absurd your saying that your name isn’t Ernest. It’s on your cards”(par 5 line 4-5, page 8)

- “Algernon… I’ll reveal to you the meaning of that incomparable expression as soon as you are kind enough to inform me why you are Ernest in town and Jack in the country.” (par 4, page 9)

b. Person against environment

This conflict is a kind of conflict such as external force, physical nature, society, or fate.

For example:

- “Algernon. My dear fellow, the way you flirt with Gwendolen is perfectly disgraceful. It is almost as bad as the way Gwendolen flirts with you”(Par 9, page 4)

- “Algernon. Well, my dear fellow, you need not eat as if you were going to eat it all. You behave as if you were married to her…” (par 7, page 5)

- “Algernon. Well, in the first place girls never marry the men they flirt with…”(par 1, page 6)

- “Jack…When one is placed in the position of the guardian, one has to adopt a very high moral tone on all subjects. It’s one’s duty to do so. And as high moral tone can hardly be said to conduce very much to either one’s health or one’s happiness…”(par 3 lines 3-6, page 10)

- “Algernon… she will place me next Mary Farquhar, who always flirts with her husband across the dinner-table. That is not very pleasant. Indeed, it is not even decent. And that sort of thing is enormously on the increase. The amount of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous. It looks so bad. It is simply washing one’s clean linen in public. ” (par 5 lines 7-13, page 11)

- “Algernon… My dear fellow, it isn’t easy to be anything nowadays. There’s such a lot of beastly competition about.”(par 8 lines 1-2, page 12)

- “Lady Bracknell… I never saw a woman so altered; she looks quite twenty years younger.” (par 1 lines 3-4, page 14)

2. Inner conflict

Conflict of person against herself/himself: a kind of conflict with some element in her/his own nature; maybe physical, mental, emotional, or moral.

For example:

- “Lane. I didn’t think it polite to listen, sir.”( page 1, par 4)

- “Jack… in order to get up to town I have always pretended to have a younger brother of the name of Ernest, who lives in the Albany, and gets into the most dreadful scrapes.”(par 3 lines 6-9, page 10)

- “Algernon…I have invented an invaluable permanent invalid called Bunbury, in order to go down into the country whenever I choose…”(par 1 lines 3-5, page 11)

- “Jack…if Gwendolen accepts me, I am going to kill my brother, indeed I think I’ll kill him in any case. Cecily is a little to much interested in him. It is a rather bore. So I am going to get rid of Ernest.”( par 1 line 1-4, page 12)

- “Algernon…nothing will induce me to part with Bunbury, and if you ever get married, which seems to me extremely problematic…”( par 2 lines 1-2, page 12)

- “Jack…that is nonsense. If I marry a charming girl like Gwendolen, and she is the only girl I ever saw in my life that I would marry, I certainly won’t want to know Bunburry.”(par 3, page 12)

Oscar Wilde’s the Importance of Being Earnest Act II

Oscar Wilde’s the Importance of Being Earnest Act II

The main conflict in this part is about Person against Person; where in this case are Algernon against Jack and Gwendolen against Cecily.

1. Jack vs Algernon

In this part, story began with the pretence of Algernon who came to Manor House, Cardew’s residence, as Ernest Worthing. His arrival was purposed to meet Cecily and propose her. Because he knew that Cecily was admired and interested much in Ernest, so he decided to pretend as Jack’s brother. Furthermore, in the process of propose, unexpectedly the real Jack came to the house and ruined Algernon’s plan. At the same time, Jack’s plan of telling the terrible condition of his brother Ernest to Cardews was a mess too. Actually, Jack wanted to tell that to accomplish his plan to marry Gwendolen by getting rid of Ernest’s character.

For example:

- Jack“No. he died abroad; in Paris, in fact…” ( par 10, line 1, page 45)

- Algernon. “ Brother John, I have come down from town to tell you that I am very sorry for all the trouble I have given you, and that I intend to lead a better life on the future.” [Jack glares at him and does not take his hand](par 6, page 49)

- Jack.” … it is very painful for me to be forced to speak the truth. It is the first time in my life that I have ever been reduced to such a painful position, and I am really quite in experienced in doing anything of the kind. However, I will tell you quite frankly that I have no brother Ernest. I have no brother at all. I never had a brother in my life, and I certainly have not the smallest intention of ever having one in the future.” (par 6, page 70)

2. Cecily vs Gwendolen

There was a misunderstanding between Gwendolen and Cecily about Ernest who they believed as the same person that propose them, but actually the Ernest was different. Ernest who proposed Gwendolen was Jack and another Ernest who proposed Cecily was Algernon.

For example :

- Gwendolen. ”My darling Cecily, I think there must be some slight error. Mr. Ernest Worthing is engaged to me…”(par4, line 1-2, page 64)

- Cecily. “…I am afraid you must be under some misconception. Ernest proposed to me exactly ten minutes ago.”(par 5, page 64)

POSTMODERNISM IN BARBIE DOLL

POSTMODERNISM IN BARBIE DOLL

Beauty, smooth, romantic, elegant, and sweet, these words to be icon advertisements Mattel for Barbie doll. Those words also appear in Business week, Forbes, the Los Angles Times, and also US News and world report when they are report about Barbie. Many child and adults also choose same words for explain about Barbie. These words also defined as feminism upper class modern. These characteristics also explain about heterosexual feminist, young woman feminist. Barbie is icon of community for upper class in western countries today. In the other side, Barbie becomes icon of the world. Many women and children like Barbie doll. They want to be beauty like Barbie’s. They consider that Barbie doll as icon perfect beauty for women. In fact, Indonesian artist often make over her body and face in order that look like Barbie doll as perfect women, like Krisdayanti, one of diva pop in Indonesia try to make over her body and face to get perfect beauty same like Barbie doll. Barbie as icon feminism can influence all women in the world for change herself become perfect beauty. Therefore, Barbie is a commodity modern/ postmodern. Barbie haven’t problem and nothing have his social problem. Her politic is promotion of a product and imaging. She’s style also the lightness of being with connecting with postmodern. According to Rojek (1995: 140) explain about “postmodern connecting modernity with heaviness of being is psychology with domination responsibility, morality, and had cold feet… postmodernism explain about postmodern connected with lightness of being with performance, alteration, and anomaly as a part from human being”. In short, we can know that icon can be growing contradict and paradox always become “shadow” in postmodern viability.

Fundamentally dialectical materialism is concept of history, it struggle between social class. The productive capacity of society is the foundation of society, and as this capacity increases overtime the social relation of production, class relation, evolve through this struggle of the classes and pass through definite stages (primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism). These concepts always repeated until now.

Marx’s theory portrayed society like a league table. It means that society involves competition between social group/class. His theory explains that society must be class. Like high class, middle class and upper class.

In other side, capitalism also result of social class there are bourgeois and proletariat tend to exploitation. Bourgeois is (politic) or relating to the middle class. It supports the interest of capitalism, not communist. Mainly interested in possessions and social status. Proletarian is the class of workers who don’t own the means of production and who earn their living by working for wages Esp. in industry. We can see in Indonesia, many labors get not enough pay average with their work. Its ironic situation when they don’t receive pay because their factory was bankrupt. They like proletarian which just work to bourgeois them.

Capitalism also causing the class conflict, class alienated from each other.

The capitalist mode of production is distinguished by how the owners of capital extract this surplus from workers—all prior class societies had extracted surplus labor, but capitalism was new in doing so via the sale-value of produced commodities. Marx argues that a core requirement of a capitalist society is that a large portion of the population must not possess sources of self-sustenance that would allow them to be independent, and must instead be compelled, to survive, to sell their labor for a living wage. In conjunction with his criticism of capitalism was Marx's belief that exploited labor would be the driving force behind a revolution to a socialist-style economy. This cycle of the extraction of the surplus value by the owners of capital or the bourgeoisie becomes the basis of class struggle. This argument is intertwined with Marx's version of the labor theory of value asserting that labor is the source of all value, and thus of profit.

The effect of capitalism; capitalism causing many effect, one of them is dehumanization. The workers become a like machine. They must extra worker to bourgeois without extra time and minimum wages. This is problem also still happen in Indonesia especially, where some people become labor which minimum wage with extra job. For example, they must work from 07:00 am until 02:00 pm (following UMR) but its not if they are free labor (buruh serabutan). It causes labor strike in the world over. Exploitation is use or treats sb/sth in an unfair and selfish manner for ones own advantage or profit. Indonesia in the past, the labor also gets exploitation from colonist. Until now many worker from Indonesia which get job in own country and foreign also get exploitation from “bourgeois” them.

The reasons of labor strike are dissatisfaction with company policy, Salary and incentive problems, Increment not up to the mark, Wrongful discharge or dismissal of workmen, Withdrawal of any concession or privilege, Hours of work and rest intervals, Leaves with wages and holidays, Bonus, profit sharing, Provident fund and gratuity, Retrenchment of workmen and closure of establishment, Dispute connected with minimum wages. Its problem causes many labors in Indonesia often strike. However, Indonesian government was organize law/UU about labor and give day for labor.

The strength of Karl Marx’s theory are this theory base on class struggle which become history until whenever to keep relevant on contemporary society where customer not only between labor’s group and capitalist, but there are new class on customer. Marx’s theory also support in the long time or many era because it can be discussing about exploitation and alienation. It’s deliberately about this theory was appeared new theory like hegemony and feminism.

The weakness of Karl Marx’s theory is after many years, the labors can’t get a freedom (win) toward their right and the billionaire keep has more power. This problem can be explain that this theory show relation about reality which happen in society but in other side, also utopian because base it own assumption about power of instrument of production.

THE WAY OF REASONING

THE WAY OF REASONING

The people want to study in America must obtain the visa from embassy or consultants. In reality, foreign students are difficult obtain the visa. They must persuade the consular officer to grant their visa. The way people think about thing what they consider relevant, true. How they reach conclusion varies according many factor, including our cultural background. The culture influence the way people think about things like article “Cultural and System of Though; Holistic versus Analytic Cognition” by Richard Nisbett. Thus, he said that the American tend to focus on the object and pay relatively less attention to the context in their perceptions and thoughts. In contras to Japanese and other Easterners who pay relatively more attention to the concept. Every country has different how they think about thing. American always speaks and writes direct to the point. They include only the ideas and information directly and obviously related to the topic at hand. They suppose to make their points clear, meaning that they should focus explicitly on the information, they wish convey and downplay the context. American always organizes their mind and plan. Do anything with step by step. The most important element of a proof is the fact. American assumes there are facts of life, of nature, and universe. The most reliable facts, in the American view, are those in the form of quantities specific numbers, percentages, rates, ranking, or amounts. American also accepts information and ideas that arise from their own experience or that of others they known and trust. American regards the sense of sight as the most reliable. This American trust in fact is accompanied by a general distrust of emotion. American is famous for their pragmatism that is their interest in whether a fact or idea has practical consequences. American believes in some theories and in certain rules of logic, of course, but in general they are suspicious of theory and generalizations unless they are associates with specific fact. American tends to believe they can study individual things, place them in categories, and learn how things in the category operate or behave and devise rules for understanding their responses. Some religious Americans ascribe certain kinds of events to God’s will. But these intangible factors are not usually held responsible for what happen to people. American look at the context or the relationship among many objects when they seek to understand causes. In conclusion, foreign in America should know that American will consider them not logical, too emotional or fuzzy minded if they include seemingly irrelevant ideas in their speech or writing. American less attention to the context but if they use speech or write, they always to the point. American also doing something step by step (organization), they make a plan for anything, they also need a fact for support their data or opinion and thinking about cause and effect to anything.

RESEP SEHAT MEMBUAT SAOS DARI PEPAYA

Saos Pepaya

Bahan

400 gr Pepaya matang
20 ml Minyak Salad
50 gr Bawang Merah, cincang
20 gr Bawang Putih, cincang
20 gr Sereh
10 gr Jahe
30 gr Gula Putih
20 ml Cuka Putih
150 ml Sari Cabe (Chili Juice)
Air
Garam dan Merica

Cara Membuat

1.Tumis Bawang Merah, Bawang Putih, Jahe dan Sereh hingga wangi .

2. Masukkan pepaya, sari cabe dan aduk hingga mendidih

3.Tambahkan air, gula, cuka dan garam

4.Angkat dan saring

5.Sajikan dalam botol

THE COMMUNICATIVE STYLE OF AMERICANS

Communicative style refers to several characteristics of conversations between individuals, according to Barnlund (1989): (1) the topics people prefer to discuss, (2) their favorite forms of interactions in conversation,(3) the depth to which they want to get involved with each other,(4) the communication channels ( verbal or nonverbal) on which they rely and (5) the level of meaning (factual versus emotional) to which they are most attuned.

When they first encounter another person, Americans engage in a kind of conversation they call “Smalltalk”. The most common topic of Smalltalk is the weather. Sometimes they are talking about wealth, sport, according to the life situation. But Americans unlike talking about body weigh. Americans are explicitly taught not to discuss religion and politics because it’s thought to be “controversial” and discussing a controversial topic can lead to an argument. Whereas, in other country consider politics and religion to be excellent topics for informal and debate.

The typical conversation between to Americans take a form can be called repartee. Americans engage in far less ritual interaction than do many other cultural groups. A third form of interaction, one Americans tend to avoid is argument. If an argument is unavoidable, Americans believe it should be conducted in calm, moderate tones and with a minimum of gesturing. A fourth and final form of interaction is self disclosure. In many cases, conversations with a large amount of Smalltalk usually produce little self disclosure.

Cultural backgrounds influence the degree to which people want to become closely connected with other people outside their families. Notice that many American self help books are target to people who are ”too depend” on others and who may need help achieving a proper level of sufficiency. Foreigners will want to realize that American often have difficulty becoming “close friends” with each other, not only with unfamiliar people from other countries.

American’s think important to be able to speak up than on nonverbal behavior to convey their message. Home convey message to people about such topics as degrees of formality and concern with social status. Aspect of non verbal behavior consist of appearance, body movement and gesture, facial expression, eye contact, space and touching, silence.

Some steps for minimize the negative effect of differences in these habits: be aware of human action & reaction that come under the label “nonverbal communication” and realize that such behavior is largely culturally based, learn as much as possible about American nonverbal communication habits and practice it, don’t, however, develop an exaggerated idea about the effects of differences in nonverbal communication, try to avoid interpreting what others mean and evaluating their behavior based on your own ideas about appropriate nonverbal behavior.

CINDERELLA AND WOMEN ANXIETY

CINDERELLA AND WOMEN ANXIETY

Jane Austen is the most popular author in England who explains about life of domestic woman of middle class in England around in last XVII century and the earlier XXIX century. One of her novel with title Pride and Prejudice, she tells story about happiness and grievous about Bennet’s family with five daughter.

The beginning of the novel tell about Mrs. Bennet’s feel is anxious because her five daughter has not married. As a mother, she is very thinking about better life for her five daughters. The news about new neighbor in her neighborhood, Mr. Bingley is single man and very rich. It gives her a new hope. Mrs. Bennet hope to Mr. Bingley can fall in love with one of her daughter and can be married. Meanwhile, her husband supposes opinion his wife is naive as we can see copy dialog in beginning this writing.

Mrs. Bennet is Anxiety what obvious of reason that’s moment. We can remember when this era, women get not heir right therefore her fate will depend on her brother. What happen with Mrs. Benet is so sadden. Meanwhile, on this era women still more do her domestic character. On the middle class society, they learn play music, to draw, to sew and other activity. Other meaning that in this era the girl not usual for get most of money in outside. It was important for women to marry with a man who had money and property. In modern era, we can see same like Mrs. Bennet in around society. The fate of women often become a problem to many mother’s are anxiety. Therefore, many mothers try to find a mate for her daughter with a man who has enough money and property. Although in reality women fortune better women in Pride and Prejudice novel.

Be anxious to stride

Side of mother, the women who grow up also has anxiety especially for stand alone. Collete Dowling says about this anxiety as syndrome of Cinderella complex. According Dowling, these problems appear because protection system toward child in society where the women since she is child get more care from people in her society.

This situation make a women will be comfortable with care other people therefore she will be anxious when she must to stride alone to determine fate herself. In result, the girl can not use her maximum potential. The term of Cinderella complex reflected in Cinderella story which famous children story in the world. In this story tell about Cinderella’s character portrayed as beautiful girl, a follower, and submit to one’s fate. In the last story, a prince fall in love with her because her beauty when they meet in dance party.

According Ferguson in his book with the title “The Image Women and Literature”, literature or reality a women have negative image like fussy, egoist, difficult arrange, and other negative things. Negative image in women also can see in literature by Shakespeare or Chaucer. The audiences in this era become happy with performance about negative side of women therefore negative image sticky in women.

Cinderella story and other story like Sleeping Beauty, Little red Ridding Hood and Snow White describe about women as weak human and less power in long time was suggest many reader and listener this story and influence system in their brain. In modern life, for example Cinderella Complex still we can see in film.

The other children story also rewrite with point of view of feminism. The story Little Red Ridding Hood, a little girl portrayed as silly and weak character because she has tricked by wolf and the end helped by woodcutter. Meanwhile in new version, the character of little girl portrayed as strong and stand alone.

There is effort for writing children story with new version became something that interesting with appear women character portrayed as smart, strong and can be stand alone with it hoped little girl have full confident. That’s will be influence for attitude little girl for future.

This is important thing should be concern for appearing confident to women is educate system for children. I think equivalent of gender for education of children is important. There is suggestion about men better than women must be leaved.

The writer is agree with Collete Dowling’s opinion for give not suggest a women as low human until she think for need full protection from other people. That’s treatment about it can be women comfortable with protection from other people. Consequently she is anxious when she will grow up and they can’t use maximal potential in her self.

TEORI PENDIDIKAN PLATO (terjemahan)

VI. TEORI PENDIDIKAN PLATO

A. Menyediakan kesempatan pendidikan untuk semua warga Negara adalah salah satu diantara tanggung jawab kepala Negara. Ini berarti bahwa pendidikan untuk perempuan setara dengan laki – laki. Hal itu ditujukan untuk semua orang tanpa memperhatikan status ekonomi mereka maupun kedudukan sosial dalam suatu komunitas. Tujuan dari program pendidikan tersebut adalah untuk mencerdaskan dan mengembangkan bakat yang tersembunyi pada setiap individu. Kesejahteraan setiap orang seperti itu adalah tanggungan Negara seperti yang sedang berlangsung sukses dengan program pendidikan yang telah dilaksanakan.

B. Pendidikan untuk semua anak dimulai pada tahun pertama. Melatih pelajaran olahraga yang akan ditemani oleh instruktur dari keluarga untuk menjaga kesehatan tubuh. Hal itu dapat dipercaya bahwa pendidikan yang terus menerus akan sangat mengurangi garis ini, jika hal tersebut tidak dapat menghapuskan bagian yang membutuhkan layanan dari dokter pada beberapa waktu yang lalu. Instruksi tersebut termasuk moral dan agama, dengan materi seperti membaca, menulis, musik (mendengar) dan berhitung. Hal itu sebaiknya dicatat bahwa konsep pendidikan Plato lebih dari sekedar melatih seseorang agar lebih pandai. Hal tersebut meliputi fisik dan perkembangan moral yang lebih baik. Walaupun itu termasuk kebutuhan yang digunankan untuk beberapa bentuk indoktrinasi untuk anak – anak yang masih belum dikembangkan yaitu kapasitas pikiran mereka sendiri, tujuan itu sangat baik untuk seluruh pendidikan yang memungkinkan seseorang untuk melihat pada dirinya sendiri bahwa kebenaran sangat diperhatikan pada topik diskusi.

C. Ujian akan dilaksanakan pada jarak waktu yang tepat. Tujuan dari ujian ini adalah mengungkapkan dua kekuatan dan kelemahan pada bagian yang dimiliki oleh setiap individu. Dasar dari ujian itu akan menentukan apakah para siswa bisa melanjutkan dengan pendidikan formal mereka atau menghindar pada kegiatan yang telah di berikan oleh para ahli. Hal itu merupakan salah satu yang memberi bukti bahwa kemampuan intelektual yang unggul akan dapat mengejar pendidikan lebih lanjut. Setelah ujian selanjutnya salah satu yang gagal untuk naik tingkat yang paling tinggi akan dihapuskan dari pendidikan lanjut dan mereka akan mengambil tempat di antara alat – alat bantu.

D. Kursus ditentukan untuk memilih beberapa hal yang sangat rancu, salah satunya dirancang untuk menghapuskan semua itu yang tidak dimiliki cendikiawan lain maupun kualifikasi moral untuk memiliki tanggungjawab yang tinggi dikantor yang telah mereka tempati. Tekanan itu akan diberikan untuk mata pelajaran matematika, prospektif dalam peraturan tersebut harus mempunyai kapasitas untuk berpikir focus. akhirnya mereka harus menjadi pakar yang menjanjkan dengan ide dan relasi mereka kepada satu yang lainnya dan dengan perhatian yang spesial untuk pemikiran yang baik. Ini yang dapat memenuhi semua syarat yang akan secara otomatis manjadi sebuah aturan di suatu Negara. Mereka tidak akan dipilih pada pemilihan umum.

VII. FILSAFAT AGAMA

1. Seluruh kekuatan dan sifat yang ada pada Plato direfleksikan pada ucapannya mengenai agama. Seperti Socrates sebelumnya, ia telah khusus mengkritisi pemikiran mengenai agama yang telah ada. Bayak kepercayaan popular yang telah melakukannya dengan Tuhan sebagai Homeric pantheon dia dihormati tidak hanya sebagai menyesatkan tetapi membahayakan dengan referensi terhadap moral dan spiritual bagi kesejahteraan setiap orang. Dia tidak mempercayai Tuhan yang ditujukan atau yang dilakukan tidak sesuai dengan moral dan tingkah laku. Walaupun demikian dia percaya pada kekuatan Tuhan untuk mengabulkan kebaikan hati yang sangat istimewa untuk seseorang yang berdoa, menawar, dan bentuk lain seperti pemujaan.

2. Pada sisi positif dia tetap mengerti kebenaran agama dan melakukan dengan kedua makna terbesar untuk hidup didalam individu dan untuk itu Negara sebagai keseluruhan. Hal yang paling penting yang dia lampirkan untuk menunjukan pernyataannya di dalam hukum sebagai pengaruh bahwa atheis ditujukan untuk melatih dan menentang terhadap suatu agama, sebaiknya hal tersebut tidak ditoleransi dalam sebuah Negara. Walaupun fakta yang berafiliasi pada tipe ini melibatkan sebuah sensor dari kepercayaan, Plato dengan jelas merasa hal itu diperlukan dalam kasus ini, karena dia menempatkan sebuah nilai tertinggi pada sebuah kontribusi yang mana agama bisa membuat pencapaian untuk kehidupan yang lebih baik.

3. Konsep Plato terhadap Tuhan didasari pada kedua moral dan dipusatkan pada Metafisika. Pada sisi moral itu assosiasi tersebut ditutup, jika tidak teridentifikasi dengan pemikiran yang bagus. Kebutuhan moral yang menyatakan pilihan diantara baik, buruk, dan apapun yang benar berbeda diantara dua tujuan tersebut yang hanya bisa membuat penerimaan terhadap hal – hal yang mutlak meliputi keputusan yang bisa dibuat. Pada sisi Metafisika tersebut alam semesta sungguh tidak seperti yang kita tahu dan mengerti hal itu bisa memurnikan hasil dari kesempatan yang tersembunyi atau butir material yang berdentum melawan satu dengan yang lain tanpa arah dan tujuan. Semua bukti telah tampak dan tersedia untuk mendukung pemikiran bahwa alam semesta adalah kosmos yang hanya lebih pada kekacau balauan. Ini lebih kepada produk dari sebuah pemikiran yang cerdas dan memiliki tujuan pemikiran dan pemikiran ini yang telah tertuju pada realitas kebaikan yaitu Tuhan.

BE A TEACHER IS MY DREAM

BE A TEACHER IS MY DREAM

Education is very important for every people in the world because someone have not educated immediately will appear some problem in their life. They can’t know about everything. For example, they can’t read and write, they can’t know about social scientific, etc. Consequently, they can be easy doing criminal case or not get good jobs. Many problems which make I am sad if some children can’t continue with their school. One of problem is economy that different status social in the community. There are some reasons why I interest about educational world.

I want to be a teacher in senior or junior high school. I think that educational world is very interesting job because many experience that I will find in teaching and learning process. For example, I can know about student behavior that is strange when I teach them, like play something in his table or made creativity with his paper. That’s a funny moment. I also know about how I can manage some naughty student and prepare all need students for learning and teaching process, etc. I also get pressure in my soul, if my students get bad score. I feel failed to be a good teacher. Like what I have done when I teach scouts movement in Muhammadiyah junior high school. Although I just as scouts movement teacher in this school but I get more experience about how to be a good teacher and also about organizing some program which I will teach. Therefore, I can know about it before I become a good teacher for reality.

As we know that many unfortunate children can’t continue their education or join in English course because some problem has happen in their family. One of problem is low economic which causing them can’t continue his school. Now, school or English course is expensive. I am sad about it. Many children whom can not understand about English language, whereas English is very important for future because globalizes era which English become necessary. I think for open free English course for children who unfortunate. In short, English for unlucky children is very important their better life.

Another factor I want to be a teacher is because I am women. I believe that for future I become a wife and good mother for my children and also I care my children and give them good education. If I become busy women, I am afraid if my children not get better education. Therefore, I choose to be a teacher because this job doesn’t take lots of time.

Another factor gives me motivation to be an English teacher because my family background also teacher. I often look my father when he teaching his student. I like with his job. Then I choose for join at English Department Faculty of Letters Ahmad Dahlan University. In here, I can improve my English to better than before.

In short, that is reason why I want to be a good teacher. Many children who need helping us for get better education and also lead better life. Therefore, I must progress my English to become a good teacher for them.

General election is very important day. Some of people waiting this day for know what can they become candidate in government as member of legislative. Many parties have participated in this general election. I think, all candidate legislative has spent a lot of money to participate on general election. For example my uncle is very ambitious to become legislative member. He has spent much money for give many people in order that their choice my uncle as legislative member. I don’t know what happen in their thought. As we know many “RSJ” start for prepare some room for candidate that failed.

In 2009, I have used choice right for join in general election. I very happy but also I am confused about it. Many parties join as candidate. You know, when I come in TPS, I am looking many people are confused and talking about “early attack”. I also am looking “penggelembungan” letter of choice. For example, my aunt gets two letter of choice because she has double voice in my home and her home. I become confused government system especially KPU. When my name was called, immediately I get up from my chair and walk to “Room Voice” with bring four letter of voice. I don’t know what I can do with it. Then, I open letter of voice, I don’t know about some people that letter of voice. I am choice which I know.

I think democrat party the best my choice. Because I suggest just democrat party can bring enlightenment for Indonesian society. Politics strategies and policy from democrat are the best, especially SBY to be president. For example, he made PNPM, and gave BLT for poor community, etc. ‘Democrat party’ is not just telling about promise but their evidence about it. Although many parties hate with ‘Democrat’, but it keep patient not make war between party. For example, when Megawati abuse insult about BLT. SBY keeps continuing campaign without reply her statement.

Finally, general election for legislative candidate has finish, although I am confused, but I am sure about my choice can bring enlightenment to change Indonesia for better country.

Salatiga is beautiful city

Salatiga is little city in slope of Merbabu mountain. A few original people which life in Salatiga. Many people come from America, England, even Africa. They have learned Indonesia language and then move to another city in Indonesia and to be a teacher. I also found some fact, if they also to be missionaries for spread religion in Indonesia. I have some experience when I visit in Salatiga.

First, I was looking about education. I’m feeling to be sad when I found a few Islamic schools and state school for example junior school until senior high school where so far from inhabitant house. Many children must on foot with the way that intricacies if their go to school. I also found international school not far from my uncle’s house, but I can’t look it inside because handicapped by big gate. I become disappointed. My uncle said that people in there a few Moslem because many people change of their religion.

Second, I was looking about holiday place. There are two holiday place which I can visit. Kopeng and Banaran ‘coffee village’. Kopeng is beautiful place in Salatiga. The location in slope of Merbabu Mountain made cool weather. Horses brought me for surrounding fruit and vegetable plantation area in Kopeng. Although I am afraid but keep surrounding this area. Then I looked many mountain which surrounding this area. Subhanallah, that’s wonderful for me.

Banaran is also plantations area in Salatiga. But Banaran is coffee plantation. There are spread out area coffee plantation. Banaran also available holiday place that interest. For example, out bond for children. They trying for learn about nature. Beside that, there are available flaying fox, ATV for adult where their surrounding coffee plantation. For other people whom like swimming. Banaran village also available the big swimming pool with cold water for mountain.

Finally, after I looking all happening about plantation and education, society of Salatiga. Part of world. I feel is wonderful about creative power of Allah made all things in the world.

Sastra dan Budaya Sebagai Media Akhlaq Bangsa; Menyongsong Satu Abad Muhammadiyah

Sungguh ini bisa dikatakan sebuah iron. Di Beijing, mahasiswa yang belajar bahasa indonesia atau bahasa melayu diberikan semacam “gelar” nama yang menggunakan nama orang indonesia yang kurang lebih agak islami seperti yusuf suparno, paimin ismail,walaupun mereka bukan beragama islam bahkan bukan merupakan warga indonesia, mereka amat bangga mengunakan nama tersebut, karena mereka banggga terhadap budaya, khususnya budaya indonesia. Mahasiswa di Beijing strunggle for lifenya sangat besar dibanding mahasiswa yang ada di indonesia pada umumnya. Mahasiswa beijing lebih kuat fisik dan mempunyai kemauan untuk memperoleh pengetahuan atau belajar lebih tinggi dibanding indonesia. Contohnya saja di kampus II Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, banyak mahasiswa yang mengeluh karena di kampus tersebut memiliki empat lantai tanpa menggunakan eskalator atau lift. Padahal dengan memiliki empat lantai kita bisa mengambil manfaatnya karena bisa menguatkan jantung serta mampu menurunkan berat badan bagi yang mempunyai masalah dengan berat badannya.

Bicara tentang sastra yng dikaitkan dengan satu abad Muhammadiyah, Muhammadiyah sebagai organisasi islam yang concern di bidang islamic cultural movement dengan bukti nyata, Muhammadiyah mampu mendirikan sekolah untuk mencerdaskan generasi muda dari Taman kanak – kanak hingga perguruan tinggi.

Disini yang paling ditekankan ialah pada perguruan tinggi, dimana di Universitas Ahmad Dahlan memiliki fakultas sastra. Masih banyak orang yang memandang sastra dengan sebelah mata, padahal mereka tidak tahu bahwa sastra dapat kita jumpai dalam kehidupan sehari – hari. Gagasan ide tentang sastra harus ditampilkan pada masyarakat luas, apa itu sastra? saya yakin, masyarakat yang memandang sebelah mata terhadap sastra itu belum mengetahui apa itu sastra, dan disinlah tugas kita untuk memperkenalkan lebih jelas apa itu sastra? Citra sastra yang harus disampaikan dan ditekankan kepada masyarakat luas ialah dengan membaca. Karena membaca ialah salah satu bentuk pengembangan diri. Jadi, dengan membaca kita dapat meningkatkan diri kita ke dalam beberapa aspek. Untuk meningkatkan diri kita, pertama – tama harus memupuk minat untuk membaca terlebih dahulu.

Kita sebagai mahasiswa sastra sudah selayaknya memiliki obsesi untuk mengharumkan dan mengenalkan sastra kepaa masyarakat luas, sehingga pertanyaan mengenai apa itu sastra mendapatkan presepsi positif di dalam paradigma masyarakat. Sastra itu sendiri adalah social and cultural phenomena. Sedangkan product literature ialah fenomena yang dihasilkan dalam cultural phenomena pada masyarakat.

Teori structural dari Rusia/ new criticism menekankan pada pengetahuan dan perkembangan teori sastra, dimana fenomena nama penyair perempuan diganti dengan nama laki – laki karena pada saat itudi new england sangatlah tabu bila ada penyair perempuan. Karyanya pasti tidak laku terjual. Dengan karya sastra kita bisa menjelajahi dunia, bisa menganalisis sebuah masalah. Contohnya kasus KDRT yang sekarang sedang merebak, jauh dulu sebelum kasus KDRT merebak di muka umum, karya sastra telah mengungkapkanya sebelumnya. Jadi, bertanyalah kepada karya sastra jika ingin menganalisis masalah sosial atau menganalisis karya sastra itu sendiri.

Disini pemateri memberikan ciri – ciri 3 karakteristik karya sastra:

- Karya sastra sebagai karya seni

Dimana karya sastra tersebut diproduksi dengan imajinasi

Contoh: musik, lukisan, gambar, citra perempuan cantik, gemuk àvisual

- Karya sastra sebagai bahasa

Bahasa yang dipakai dalam karya sastra ialah bahasa yang universal serta mempunyai makna yang universal juga.

- Fakta

Apa saja yang di katikan dengan fakta / realita yang ada dilingkungan kita.

Selain itu, sisi lain sastra ialah sebagai Komunikasi yang efektif ialah dengan karya sastra. Sebab karya sastra sebagai sarana untuk menyampaikan sesuatu yang tidak bisa di sampaikan dengan alat lain.

Contohnya: Sebut saja kita sedang meneliti american study yang subjectnya kehidupan beragama di Amerika pada novel scarlet letter. Di dalamnya kita bisa melihat cerminan masyarakat pada masa itu, karena karya sastra ialah komunikasi paling efektif, sehingga kita juga bisa merasakan apa yang dirasakan pengarang pada masa itu. Dengan karya sastra kita juga bisa melihat berbagai macam hal dan dimana saja tidak hanya di new england seperti pada masa novel itu dibuat. Could be happen everywhere

Indonesia ialah negara yang mempunyai penduduk muslim terbesar. Kita bisa flash back mengenang bagaimana islam masuk di indonesia khususnya berkembang di pulau jawa. Semua itu berkat karya sastra. Masyarakat indonesia dulu senang sekali dengan karya sastra, saat itu karya sastra dipandang sebagai pedoman hidup, sehingga digunakan pada ulama/ wali untuk kendaraan islamisasi dengan mengems karya sastra tersebut dengan konsep islam. Contohya Ramayana story memasukan konsep – konsep islam di dalam ceritanya à hikayat mi;raj. Fenomena sosial yang serupa tak hanya di dpatkan pada masa lalu yang mengakar hingga saat ini tetapi juga bisa di dapatkan pada karya sastra, sepeti yang sedang menjamurnya teenlit di kalangan remaja saat ini.

Bagaimana melihat karya sastra?

Ada karya sastra yang dapat ditransformasikan dalam bentuk lain:

- Puisi menjadi musik

- Puisi menjadi lukisan

- Novel menjadi film

Semua itu dibahas pada mata kuliah yang mempelajari tentang tranformasi pada karya sastra seperti puisi menjadi lirik musik. Hal itu disebut dengan ikranisasi.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF BARBIE DOLL TO CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

Barbie definition describes a fashionable girl with long legs. The production of Barbie began in 1950. The image of the doll was taken from the German doll Lilly. Barbie cultural effect is great. The doll can have completely different occupations, such as model, doctor, politician, paleontologist, astronaut and others. But Barbie impact on children is not always positive.

In her history, barbie is the best-selling and the most famous doll in the world. The debut of the doll was on the American International Toy Fair in 1959. Mattel Inc. is the company producing the doll. Totally Hair Barbie is the name of Barbie which is considered to be the most popular doll. It was manufactured and appeared on the market in 1992. Barbie definition in this case is a doll with very long legs. In 1950 it was Ruth Handler who got an idea of creating a doll of that kind. It happened accidentally when the woman noticed that her daughter preferred playing with the dolls that resembled adults. At that time the dolls usually looked like babies or like small children. But Ruth's daughter Barbara preferred playing with paper dolls which looked like adults. The woman realized that there was a loophole in the production of dolls. She told about it to her husband Eliot Handler who was one of the co-founders of the Mattel toy company. Unfortunately the idea was not accepted. The directors of the company were sure it was impossible to make such a doll. Nevertheless, during the trip to Germany Ruth Handler noticed a doll in a shop that looked like and adult. Its name was Lilly. Lilly was the exact copy of the image the woman had in her mind. That is why she bought three dolls. One of them she gave to Barbara. As for the two others, she took them to the company. Lilly had a certain image. It is necessary to mention that the image of the doll was taken from a character in a popular comic strip. Lilly was represented as a fashionable girl who knew her desires and used men to fulfill them. The production of the doll in Germany began in 1955. Initially it was oriented on adults in tobacco shops and bars. Nevertheless, the doll became very popular with children who could wear her in the outfits sold separately. The doll got so popular that it was exported to other countries including the USA. It is necessary to say that Barbie cultural effect was great. Barbie definition includes the idea of gender equality, an example that the woman can be anything. The doll can have quite various occupations, such as an Olympic athlete, dentist, veterinarian, doctor, nurse, fashion designer, politician, firefighter, tourist at Disneyland and Walt Disney World, paleontologist, astronaut, model, rock star, McDonald's employee and others. Though the Barbie definition includes so many occupations, specialists say that the doll may have negative impact on young girls. It may provoke problems connected with body image and uncertainties about the role of the woman in the society. It is possible to mention the fact that a lot of famous designers were given an opportunity to create clothing for Barbie. Among them are Donna Karan, Nicole Miller, Escada, Ralph Lauren, Bill Blass, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, Christian Dior, Anne Klein and Donatella Versace. Today the industry of Barbie dolls reaps $1.9 billion dollar a year. The producing company claims that every second Barbie dolls are sold. Its case show that barbie as core culture icon especially for young girl who like consume barbie doll.

The children development

Barbie doll as toys for children also bring implisit things for them. There are core culture icon which can be influence pattern of thought and habit toward children development. According to wikipedia the free encyclopedia that child development refers to the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. Some age-related development periods: newborn (ages 0–1 month); infant (ages 1 month – 1 year); toddler (ages 1–3 years); preschooler (ages 4–6years); school-aged child (ages 6–13 years); adolescent (ages 13–20). The optimal development of children is considered vital to society and so it is important to understand the social, cognitive, emotional, and educational development of children. It has been suggested by theorists such as Piaget that cognitive development proceeds in a stage-like fashion, with qualitative as well as quantitative differences between one age period and others. Cognitive ability appears to move forward rapidly at times when certain achievements are evident; for example, the preschooler's new ability to conserve number (to know that the number of objects present stays the same even though the objects are differently distributed) is a necessary foundation for arithmetic and enables a number of advances. However, it is not clear to what extent apparent stages are simply the results of increased speed of information processing or increased knowledge base.Not all children will develop at the same speed or in any of the same patterns in many other children. They will individually find their own speed and learn their own patterns in time. They can not be rushed to learn or to pick up on things, this will make them more adjacent to wanting to follow their parents or to learn at all. Usually if the child is surrounded by other children they will influence your child to develop much more quickly and you will find that your child and the children they associate with will develop in near enough the same time and patterns.

Cognitive development has genetic and other biological mechanisms, as is seen in the many genetic causes of mental retardation. However, although it is assumed that brain functions cause cognitive events, it has not been possible to measure specific brain changes and show that they cause cognitive change. Developmental advances in cognition are also related to experience and learning, and this is particularly the case for higher-level abilities like abstraction, which depend to a considerable extent on formal education.There are few population differences in cognitive development. Boys and girls show some differences in their skills and preferences, but there is a great deal of overlap between the groups. Differences in cognitive achievement of different ethnic groups appears to result from cultural or other environmental factors

The influence of advertisement on television

Children development also influenced by their environment, where toys and television are great influence for them. We can see advertisement by Mattel inc. Which describe about barbie with beautifull, interest, glamour, and soft. These words used Mattel to fascinating children for buy some barbies. The study investigated which explain abouy the influence of television commercials for toys and cereals on young children. Forty-four children, ranging in age from 4 to 7 years, were interviewed regarding their television viewing habits, their attitudes toward television commercials, their demands for their mothers to buy cereals and toys, and their interpretation of the reality of commercials. The mothers of these children completed a questionnaire about their children's television viewing habits, their own attitudes toward commercials, and their reactions to their children's demands for advertised products. The data were analyzed by computing percentages and the results revealed several trends. The more television the children watched, the more they demanded advertised products. Most of the time, mothers did not yield completely to their children's demands for advertised products. Children were able to name their specific preferences and dislikes for television commercials and they tended to prefer commercials which were related to their interests. Parental discussion on the content and selling techniques of television advertisements reduced the extent of children's demands for advertised products and the extent of parental yielding to demands. Boys and girls did not show particular differences in responding to television commercials.

The negative effect of barbie culture to children development

Barbie holds the distinction of being the first doll to become an adult figure in the child’s life, needing precious little in the way of care taking from her child owner. She became an icon, a role model, a figure to be emulated and revered, transforming the child’s role of caretaker to one of the passive bystander and observer of a creature who had made it in life and had it all. She would ultimately become a representative of our own culture. Mothers, as well as their daughters took in Barbie’s messages about how shape and size matters at the very brink of our society’s revolution for women who were becoming liberated, entering the professions in greater numbers, becoming divorced, participating in the sexual revolution, blending families, and abandoning mealtimes and family rituals in favor of work force and the work out. Barbie, along with England’s Twiggy in the 60’s, led the way to create what was to become the new standard of beauty in the female figure.

If she were alive, Barbie would be a woman standing 7 feet tall with a waistline of 18 inches and a bustling of 38-40. In fact, she would need to walk on all fours just to support her peculiar proportions. Yet media advertising, television and Hollywood would reinforce her message, influencing what would become the American ideal of beauty. By the time a girl is 17 years old, she has received over 250,000 such commercial messages through the media. Body image disturbances, typically the result of such exposure, are clearly dangerous to our youth not just because their preoccupation precludes clarity of thought, the ability to concentrate and learn, and attaining the developmental milestones of childhood, but also because they typically lead to the fear of being overweight, and therefore to dieting and food restriction, to becoming malnourished and/or excessively thin, and ultimately to the onset of clinical eating disorders. Eating disorders are the most lethal of all of the mental health disorders, killing or maiming 6-13% of their victims, 87% of whom are under the age of 20.

The Barbie doll is one of the most successful toys of the 20th century and, arguably, the icon of female beauty and the American dream (Rogers, 1999; Turkel, 1998): According to the manufacturer, every three seconds a Barbie doll is purchased. Barbie has been said to touch every girl's life (Rogers, 1999). There continues to be disagreement over the messages the Barbie doll sends and the toy's place in the lives of young girls. The extant literature about Barbie dolls tends to be opinionated and based on essays and popular media articles ("Barbie's Missing Accessory: Food," 1994; La Ferle, 1997; Lord, 1994; McDough, 1999; Suhay, 2000; Mulrine, 1997). Some claim that the toy represents the paradigm of adult female beauty to which young girls learn to aspire (Freedman, 1986; Turkel, 1998). It has been argued that Barbie dolls reflect a highly sexualized image and circumscribe girls' play by emphasizing prescribed roles and patterns of interaction. It is feared that by dramatizing stereotypical feminine roles during play, girls will internalize and later embody such roles (Freedman, 1986).

Despite the vocal opinions that abound about the influence of Barbie dolls on girls' development, there is a paucity of empirical research examining the impact of Barbie dolls on the lives of girls. Surveys have suggested that Barbie dolls are among girls' first or second "most favorite toys" between ages eight and twelve (Sutton-Smith, 1986). Sociobiological research with adults has indicated that the Barbie doll's body shape is perceived as attractive, perhaps because it represents health and fertility, from an evolutionary perspective, despite its physical impossibility (Margo, 1997). Recently, and most pertinent to the present study, Rogers (1999) explored individuals' experiences with Barbie dolls. She gathered writing samples from male and female junior high school students, college students, and adults. Each group was asked to write about their experiences with Barbie dolls. All of the participants had knowledge of Barbie dolls, but mixed views about the doll's influence on girls prevailed. The majority of adolescent girls felt positively about Barbie, while boys distanced themselves from "play" with Barbie dolls, and instead reported disfiguring the dolls through a variety of methods.

No more than Santa Claus and Clausism. Barbie is a very attractive and beautiful role model, there are or were also various occupational and historical settings which have been covered elsewhere- Veterinarian Barbie, for example. there are Ethnically correct Barbies for different nationalities including Russia and Italy and they are different in the right ways, beyond costuming. Internatioal culture and understanding can be fostered in this fashion. I can"t see any harm in a cultural product like Barbie, on the other hand a sort of trash or junk culture with no taste standards can be found with products, also dolls, such as ( Raggedy Ann and Andy), Cabbage Patch kids, Bratz, and some other sources of junk culture. That I cannot buy, except possibly with comic animals and cartoons like the Pokey Little Puppy,etc. It is obvious that barbies are bad if you do lots of research. They are a bad influence and the manufactures only care about the money. Well, there are two sides to every story. Barbie shows that women can do anything with 108 careers including presidential candidate, UNICEF ambassador and doctor. On the other hand she gives young girls and women a bad image about themselves, making them think that they should look like her with her torpedo breasts, tiny waist, long legs and big hips. This can lead to eating disorders or depression of young girls.

Conclusion

The most negative impact of barbie doll is stereotype of having a perfect body is not reflective of real humans and girls would get the perception that every woman should look like a Barbie Doll which to achieve that look leads to disorders such an anorexia. Many young girl get impact from ”beauty” of barbie.they want made her body like barbie doll (slim, white body,and elegant). We can see Krisdayanti who indonesian famous singer. She try to make over her body for same with barbie doll whom reflected perfect women. Its become strong influence toward children which has develop. We should accompany our children when they watching television and playing their toys. We can give them some advice for lead better future and become themselve without “poison” with barbie culture which bring negative effect for them.